Comparison
LL-37 vs. Bremelanotide
Two peptides side-by-side — identity, evidence base, legal status and known adverse events.
Identity
Category
Research other
Research other
CAS no.
597562-32-8
189691-06-3
Molecular weight
4493.33 g/mol
1025.18 g/mol
Half-life
no data
2.7 h
Sequence
LLGDFFRKSKEKIGKEFKRIVQRIKDFLRNLVPRTESAc-Nle-c[Asp-His-D-Phe-Arg-Trp-Lys]-OHMechanism of action
LL-37
LL-37 is a cationic, amphipathic helical peptide and the only member of the cathelicidin family in humans. It is generated by proteolytic cleavage from the C-terminal portion of the precursor protein hCAP18 (CAP-18). Mechanistically it associates with and can permeabilize microbial membranes; in addition it modulates immune cells, influences cytokine release, exerts chemotactic activity, and can bind extracellular self-DNA. Preclinical models have described both anti-inflammatory and pro-inflammatory effects, depending on concentration and tissue context.
Bremelanotide
Bremelanotide is a cyclic peptide that binds non-selectively to melanocortin receptors (MC1R through MC5R) — with highest affinity at MC4R in the central nervous system. The precise role of MC4R activation in sexual behaviour is not fully understood; animal data show effects on hypothalamic circuits. Peripheral effects (blood pressure, hyperpigmentation) are attributed to MC1R/MC2R.
Evidence base
Highest evidence
Human trial
Human RCT
Studies
4
5
of which in humans
1
5
Effects recorded
4
3
Open conflicts
1
1
Documented adverse events
0
2
Legal status
Full entries
Frequently asked questions
- What is the difference between LL-37 and Bremelanotide?
- LL-37 is classified as "Research other", while Bremelanotide is classified as "Research other". LL-37: LL-37 is the only known human cathelicidin, a 37-amino-acid antimicrobial peptide generated by cleavage of the precursor protein hCAP18. In research it plays a central role in innate immune defence and wound healing, yet acts in a context-dependent manner as both anti- and pro-inflammatory and has been linked to autoimmune processes. LL-37 is not an approved drug; the evidence base is predominantly basic and preclinical. Bremelanotide: Synthetic cyclic heptapeptide acting as a non-selective melanocortin-receptor agonist. FDA-approved in 2019 as Vyleesi for hypoactive sexual desire disorder (HSDD) in pre-menopausal women. This page contrasts both neutrally and source-based — with no usage or dosing recommendation.
- Which peptide is better supported by science, LL-37 or Bremelanotide?
- The highest available evidence level is "Human trial" for LL-37 and "Human RCT" for Bremelanotide. A higher evidence level means more robust data, but says nothing about suitability for an individual. The full body of evidence is on each peptide's own page.
- What is the legal status of LL-37 and Bremelanotide in Germany and the United States?
- Germany: LL-37 — Research only, Bremelanotide — Unapproved. United States: LL-37 — Research only, Bremelanotide — Prescription. These are factual summaries with source and review date on the individual pages.