Aggregated evidence base

Trulicity (dulaglutide) — European Public Assessment Report

European Medicines Agency

Human RCT

Lyxumia (lixisenatide) — European Public Assessment Report

European Medicines Agency

Preclinical

CosIng — Palmitoyl Pentapeptide-4 (Cosmetic Ingredient Database)

European Commission DG GROW

Human trial

FDA Warning: Tanning Pills and Tanning Products

U.S. FDA

Human RCT

Somatostatin Analogs in Acromegaly and NET — EMA / FDA Label Reviews

European Medicines Agency / U.S. FDA

Human RCTRandomised controlled trial

Retatrutide for hepatic steatosis in adults with metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease — a phase 2 trial

Sanyal AJ. et al.

Human RCT

TRIUMPH Phase-3 Programme — A Study of Retatrutide (LY3437943) in Participants With Obesity

Eli Lilly and Company / ClinicalTrials.gov

Preclinical

CosIng — Acetyl Octapeptide-3 (Cosmetic Ingredient Database)

European Commission DG GROW

Human RCTRandomised controlled trialn = 387

Glucagon and GLP-1 receptor dual agonist survodutide for obesity: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-finding phase 2 trial

Le Roux CW. et al.

Mean weight reduction (highest dose arm)

−18.7%

vs Placebo (−2.0%) · 46 Wochen

Human RCTRandomised controlled trialn = 293

A phase 2 randomized trial of survodutide in MASH and fibrosis

Sanyal AJ. et al.

Histological MASH improvement (responder rate highest arm)

83%

vs Placebo (18%) · 48 Wochen

Human RCT

Decapeptyl (Triptorelin) — European Public Assessment Report

European Medicines Agency

20235

PreclinicalOther

FDA-Bekanntmachung zu Compounding-Beschränkungen für BPC-157

U.S. Food and Drug Administration

Findings:Rationale includes lack of characterised safety, purity and identity in available sources.

Human RCTRandomised controlled trial

Efficacy and safety of co-administered once-weekly cagrilintide 2.4 mg with once-weekly semaglutide 2.4 mg in type 2 diabetes

Frias JP. et al.

HbA1c reduction (CagriSema)

−2.18 %

vs Semaglutid −1.79 % · 32 Wochen

Human RCTRandomised controlled trialn = 338

Triple-hormone-receptor agonist retatrutide for obesity — a phase 2 trial

Jastreboff AM. et al.

Mean weight reduction (highest dose arm)

−24.2%

vs Placebo (−2.1%) · 48 Wochen

Human RCTRandomised controlled trialn = 281

Retatrutide, a GIP/GLP-1/glucagon receptor agonist, for people with type 2 diabetes — a phase 2 trial

Rosenstock J. et al.

HbA1c reduction (highest dose arm)

−2.02%

vs Placebo · 36 Wochen

Human RCTRandomised controlled trialn = 17604

Semaglutide and Cardiovascular Outcomes in Obesity without Diabetes

Lincoff AM et al.

Composite cardiovascular endpoint (MACE)

6.5%

vs. 8.0% Placebo (HR 0.80) · 39.8 Monate Mittel

Mean weight loss

−8.51%

vs. −1.50% Placebo · 104 Wochen

All-cause death

4.3%

vs. 5.2% Placebo · 39.8 Monate Mittel

Findings:Statistically significant reduction of the primary cardiovascular endpoint.

20222

Preclinical

LY3437943, a novel triple glucagon, GIP, and GLP-1 receptor agonist for glycemic control and weight loss: from discovery to clinical proof of concept

Coskun T. et al.

Human RCTRandomised controlled trialn = 2539

Tirzepatide once weekly for the treatment of obesity (SURMOUNT-1)

Jastreboff AM. et al.

Mean weight reduction (highest dose arm)

−20.9%

vs Placebo · 72 Wochen

Findings:Substantial weight reduction versus placebo was reported in the treatment arm.

20217

Human RCTRandomised controlled trialn = 96

Safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics of concomitant administration of multiple doses of cagrilintide with semaglutide 2.4 mg for weight management

Enebo LB. et al.

Weight reduction (combination, highest dose)

−17.1%

vs Placebo · 20 Wochen

Human RCTRandomised controlled trialn = 706

Once-weekly cagrilintide for weight management in people with overweight and obesity

Lau DCW. et al.

Weight reduction (highest dose arm)

−10.8%

vs Placebo (−3.0%) · 26 Wochen

Preclinical

Cagrilintide, a long-acting amylin analogue, in adults with overweight or obesity: a randomised, double-blind, dose-finding phase 2 trial

Kruse T, Hansen MK, Petersen A, Andersen B. (Novo Nordisk research)

Human RCTRandomised controlled trial

Efficacy and safety of dulaglutide 3.0 mg and 4.5 mg versus dulaglutide 1.5 mg in metformin-treated patients with type 2 diabetes (AWARD-11)

Frias JP. et al.

HbA1c reduction (4.5 mg)

−1.77 %

vs 1.5 mg (−1.54 %) · 36 Wochen

Human RCTRandomised controlled trialn = 1961

Once-Weekly Semaglutide in Adults with Overweight or Obesity

Wilding JPH et al.

Mean weight loss

−14.9%

vs. −2.4% Placebo · 68 Wochen

Participants achieving ≥ 5% weight loss

86.4%

vs. 31.5% Placebo · 68 Wochen

Participants achieving ≥ 10% weight loss

69.1%

vs. 12.0% Placebo · 68 Wochen

Participants achieving ≥ 15% weight loss

50.5%

vs. 4.9% Placebo · 68 Wochen

Findings:Clinically meaningful weight loss vs. placebo with concurrent lifestyle intervention.

Limitations:Limited observation period; weight regain after discontinuation documented in follow-up publications.

Human RCTRandomised controlled trialn = 478

Tirzepatide versus placebo as monotherapy in type 2 diabetes (SURPASS-1)

Rosenstock J. et al.

HbA1c reduction (highest dose arm)

−2.07%

vs Placebo · 40 Wochen

Findings:Significant HbA1c reduction was reported in the treatment arm versus placebo.

Human RCTRandomised controlled trialn = 1879

Tirzepatide versus semaglutide once weekly in patients with type 2 diabetes (SURPASS-2)

Frías JP. et al.

HbA1c difference

−0.45 percentage points

vs Semaglutid 1 mg · 40 Wochen

20203

Human RCT

Byetta (exenatide) — Prescribing Information / FDA Label

U.S. FDA

Preclinical

Senolytic drugs: from discovery to translation

Kirkland JL., Tchkonia T.

Human trial

Thymalin in the immunorehabilitation of patients with severe COVID-19

Kuznik BI. et al.

20194

Human RCTRandomised controlled trialn = 1247

Bremelanotide for hypoactive sexual desire disorder: two phase-3 trials (RECONNECT)

Kingsberg SA. et al.

Responder rate on desire score

25.0% vs 17.0%

vs Placebo · 24 Wochen

Human RCT

Vyleesi (bremelanotide) — Prescribing Information / FDA Label

U.S. FDA

Human RCTRandomised controlled trialn = 9901

Dulaglutide and cardiovascular outcomes in type 2 diabetes (REWIND)

Gerstein HC. et al.

Primary MACE endpoint

HR 0.88

vs Placebo · median 5.4 Jahre

Human RCTRandomised controlled trialn = 61

Effects of tesamorelin on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in HIV

Stanley TL. et al.

Reduction in intrahepatic triglyceride (IHTG)

−4.1 percentage points

vs Placebo · 12 Monate

20181

Human RCTRandomised controlled trial

Efficacy and safety of once-weekly dulaglutide versus insulin glargine in patients with type 2 diabetes and moderate-to-severe chronic kidney disease (AWARD-7)

Tuttle KR. et al.

20178

In vitroIn vitro

Therapeutic potential of pro-angiogenic BPC157 is associated with VEGFR2 activation and up-regulation

Hsieh MJ et al.

Findings:BPC-157 modulated VEGF signalling and endothelial migration patterns in cell culture.

Limitations:In-vitro finding; says nothing about in-vivo efficacy or clinical relevance.

Human RCTRandomised controlled trialn = 14752

Effects of once-weekly exenatide on cardiovascular outcomes in type 2 diabetes (EXSCEL)

Holman RR. et al.

Primary MACE endpoint

HR 0.91

vs Placebo (nicht signifikant für Superiorität) · median 3.2 Jahre

Animal modelControlled trial

Targeted apoptosis of senescent cells restores tissue homeostasis in response to chemotoxicity and aging

Baar MP. et al.

Reduction of senescent cells (kidney, mouse)

signifikant gegenüber Vehikel

vs Vehikel · 3 Wochen

Preclinical

Cell senescence: a new piece of the puzzle of FOXO4 — review of Baar et al.

Le Bras A.

Human RCTRandomised controlled trial

Liraglutide in an adolescent population with obesity

Danne T. et al.

Human trial

Risks of unregulated use of alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone analogues: a review

Habbema L., Halk AB., Neumann M., Bergman W.

Animal modelAnimal model

FDA Boxed Warning — Risk of Thyroid C-Cell Tumors

U.S. Food and Drug Administration

Findings:Thyroid C-cell tumours in rats under GLP-1 analogues; human relevance not established.

Human RCTControlled trial

Triptorelin 3-month formulation in advanced prostate cancer — efficacy and safety long-term follow-up

Lebret T. et al.

20163

Human RCTRandomised controlled trial

Bremelanotide for female sexual dysfunctions in premenopausal women: a randomized, placebo-controlled dose-finding trial

Clayton AH. et al.

Human RCTRandomised controlled trialn = 9340

Liraglutide and cardiovascular outcomes in type 2 diabetes (LEADER)

Marso SP. et al.

Primary MACE endpoint

HR 0.87

vs Placebo · median 3.8 Jahre

Human RCTRandomised controlled trialn = 3297

Semaglutide and Cardiovascular Outcomes in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes

Marso SP et al.

Composite cardiovascular endpoint (MACE)

6.6%

vs. 8.9% Placebo (HR 0.74) · 2.1 Jahre Median

Non-fatal stroke

1.6%

vs. 2.7% Placebo · 2.1 Jahre Median

HbA1c reduction

−1.1 bis −1.4 Prozentpunkte

vs. Placebo · Studiendauer

Findings:Reduction of composite cardiovascular endpoints vs. placebo in high-risk patients.

20154

In vitro

Penetration of Acetyl Hexapeptide-3 (Argireline) into porcine skin

Lim SH., Sun Y., Madanagopal TT., Rosa V., Kang L.

PreclinicalReview

GHK Peptide as a Natural Modulator of Multiple Cellular Pathways in Skin Regeneration

Pickart L et al.

Findings:Compilation of preclinical findings on gene expression, wound healing, antioxidation.

Limitations:Review format; selection bias possible.

Human RCTRandomised controlled trialn = 3731

A randomized, controlled trial of 3.0 mg of liraglutide in weight management (SCALE)

Pi-Sunyer X. et al.

Mean weight reduction

−8.0%

vs Placebo (−2.6%) · 56 Wochen

Human RCTRandomised controlled trialn = 6068

Lixisenatide in patients with type 2 diabetes and acute coronary syndrome (ELIXA)

Pfeffer MA. et al.

Primary MACE endpoint

HR 1.02

vs Placebo (nicht-inferior, nicht superior) · median 2.1 Jahre

20147

Human trial

TGA Scheduling Decision on AOD-9604

Australian Therapeutic Goods Administration

Human RCTRandomised controlled trialn = 978

Once-weekly dulaglutide versus exenatide twice daily in patients with type 2 diabetes (AWARD-1)

Wysham C. et al.

HbA1c reduction (dulaglutide 1.5 mg)

−1.51%

vs Exenatide (−0.99%) · 52 Wochen

Preclinical

Short cell-penetrating peptides — new class of biologically active substances (peptide bioregulators)

Khavinson VKh., Linkova NS., Tarnovskaya SI.

Human RCTRandomised controlled trial

Ipamorelin: a selective growth hormone secretagogue with potential to overcome opioid-induced bowel dysfunction

Beck DE. et al.

Preclinical

Mechano-growth factor: an important cog or a loose screw in the repair machinery?

Philippou A., Barton ER.

Human RCTRandomised controlled trial

Lanreotide in metastatic enteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (CLARINET)

Caplin ME. et al.

Preclinical

Short cell-penetrating peptides — new class of biologically active substances (peptide bioregulators)

Khavinson VKh., Linkova NS., Tarnovskaya SI.

20135

Human trial

The efficacy and safety of argireline in skin care: a meta-analysis

Wang Y. et al.

Human RCTRandomised controlled trialn = 634

Efficacy and safety of lixisenatide once daily versus exenatide twice daily in type 2 diabetes (GetGoal-X)

Rosenstock J. et al.

HbA1c reduction (lixisenatide)

−0.79%

vs Exenatide (−0.96%) · 24 Wochen

Human RCTRandomised controlled trial

A 96-week study to evaluate the efficacy and safety of subcutaneous lixisenatide as add-on to oral antidiabetic therapy (GetGoal-L)

Riddle MC. et al.

Animal model

The Pro-Gly-Pro neuropeptide selank and its influence on emotional behaviour in animal models

Medvedev VE. et al.

Human RCTRandomised controlled trialn = 361

Effect of thymosin alpha-1 on the 28-day mortality of severe sepsis (ETASS)

Wu J. et al.

28-day mortality (absolute)

26.0% vs 35.0%

vs Kontroll-Arm · 28 Tage

20121

Human RCTRandomised controlled trial

Efficacy and safety of lixisenatide once-daily morning administration in patients with type 2 diabetes inadequately controlled with diet and exercise (GetGoal-Mono)

Fonseca VA. et al.

20111

Animal modelAnimal model

The promoting effect of pentadecapeptide BPC 157 on tendon healing involves tendon outgrowth, cell survival, and cell migration

Chang CH et al.

Findings:Treated animals showed improved healing parameters versus control.

Limitations:Animal model, small sample, no long-term follow-up. Not transferable to humans without clinical studies.

20104

Human RCTRandomised controlled trial

A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multi-dose study of the effects of AOD-9604 on adiposity in obese subjects

Ng FM. et al.

Animal modelReview

Revised Robert's cytoprotection and adaptive cytoprotection and stable gastric pentadecapeptide BPC 157

Sikiric P et al.

Findings:Aggregates several animal studies on gastric mucosal protection, ulcer healing and gastrointestinal adaptations.

Limitations:Review by the same research group — possible selection bias. No human data.

Animal model

Comparative analysis of expression of certain genes in murine brain after Semax administration

Shadrina MI. et al.

Preclinical

Thymosin beta4 and corneal wound healing: visions of the future

Sosne G et al.

20097

Human RCTRandomised controlled trial

Liraglutide once a day versus exenatide twice a day for type 2 diabetes: a 26-week randomised, parallel-group, multinational, open-label trial (LEAD-6)

Buse JB. et al.

HbA1c reduction (liraglutide 1.8 mg)

−1.12 %

vs Exenatide −0.79 % · 26 Wochen

Human RCTRandomised controlled trial

Liraglutide versus glimepiride monotherapy for type 2 diabetes (LEAD-3 Mono): a randomised, 52-week, phase 3, double-blind, parallel-treatment trial

Garber A. et al.

Human RCTRandomised controlled trial

Treatment of periorbital wrinkles with a novel cosmetic combination — a randomized, vehicle-controlled clinical trial

Trookman NS. et al.

Preclinical

Biologically active peptides: from a laboratory bench curiosity to a functional skin care product

Lintner K.

Human trial

Change in moles linked to use of unlicensed 'sun tan jab'

Langan EA. et al.

Human RCTRandomised controlled trialn = 85

Placebo-controlled, double-blind, prospective, randomized study on the effect of octreotide LAR in the control of tumor growth in patients with metastatic neuroendocrine midgut tumors (PROMID)

Rinke A. et al.

Median progression-free survival

14.3 vs 6.0 Monate

vs Placebo · median follow-up

Human trial

Consensus statement on the use of gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogs in children

Carel JC. et al.

20084

Human trial

Efficacy and safety of Selank in patients with generalized anxiety disorder

Zozulia AA. et al.

Human trial

Immunomodulatory effects of Selank in patients with anxiety-asthenic disorders

Uchakina ON. et al.

PreclinicalOther

Withdrawal of Geref (Sermorelin Acetate) from the US Market

U.S. Food and Drug Administration

Findings:Withdrawal was commercially motivated, not driven by safety findings by the regulator.

Human trial

SNAP-8 — Technical Dossier (Lipotec/Centerchem)

Lipotec S.A.

20072

Preclinical

Mechano growth factor and its splice variant in cardiovascular pathologies

Mills P. et al.

Human RCTRandomised controlled trialn = 412

Effects of tesamorelin (TH9507), a growth hormone-releasing factor analog, in HIV-infected patients with excess abdominal fat

Falutz J. et al.

VAT reduction from baseline

−15.2%

vs Placebo (+5.0%) · 26 Wochen

20065

Human trialControlled trial

An effect on the subjective sexual response in premenopausal women with sexual arousal disorder by bremelanotide (PT-141), a melanocortin receptor agonist

Diamond LE. et al.

Human trialControlled trialn = 21

Prolonged stimulation of growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor I secretion by CJC-1295, a long-acting analog of GH-releasing hormone, in healthy adults

Teichman SL et al.

Findings:Sustained elevation of GH and IGF-1 over several days.

Limitations:Small sample, short observation, surrogate-oriented endpoints.

Human trialControlled trialn = 7

Pulsatile secretion of growth hormone (GH) persists during continuous stimulation by CJC-1295, a long-acting GH-releasing hormone analog

Ionescu M, Frohman LA

GH pulse frequency

erhalten / preserved

Baseline

Findings:GH pulses were preserved over the observation period, with elevated baseline.

Limitations:Very small sample, no clinical endpoints recorded.

Animal modelControlled trial

Once-daily administration of CJC-1295, a long-acting GHRH analog, normalizes growth in the GHRH knockout mouse

Alba M. et al.

Findings:Growth normalisation in the animal model; evidence for functional activity of the DAC modification.

Limitations:Animal model — translation to adults with intact GH axis is not direct.

Human trial

Peptide geroprotectors — a promising trend in modern biogerontology

Korkushko OV. et al.

20054

Human RCTRandomised controlled trialn = 733

Effect of exenatide on glycemic control over 30 weeks in patients with type 2 diabetes treated with metformin and a sulfonylurea (AMIGO)

Kendall DM. et al.

HbA1c reduction (10 µg arm)

−0.8%

vs Placebo · 30 Wochen

Human RCTRandomised controlled trial

Growth hormone releasing peptide-2 (GHRP-2), like ghrelin, increases food intake in healthy men

Laferrère B. et al.

Caloric intake at test meal

+35 % vs Placebo

vs Placebo · single dose

Human RCTRandomised controlled trialn = 93

Topical palmitoyl pentapeptide provides improvement in photoaged human facial skin

Robinson LR. et al.

Skin topography improvement (wrinkles/fine lines)

kleine signifikante Verbesserung

vs Vehikel · 12 Wochen

Human trial

Efficacy of Semax in acute ischaemic stroke

Gusev EI. et al.

20041

Human trialControlled trial

Evaluation of the safety, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamic effects of subcutaneously administered PT-141, a melanocortin receptor agonist, in healthy male subjects and in patients with an inadequate response to Viagra

Rosen RC. et al.

20036

In vitro

Peptide promotes overcoming of the division limit in human somatic cell

Khavinson VKh. et al.

Animal model

Cardiovascular activity of hexarelin in the rat: GHS-R independent mechanisms

Torsello A. et al.

Animal model

Muscle satellite (stem) cell activation during local tissue injury and repair

Hill M., Goldspink G.

Animal model

Thymosin beta 4 and a synthetic peptide containing its actin-binding domain promote dermal wound repair in db/db diabetic mice and in aged mice

Philp D et al.

Preclinical

Peptides and ageing

Khavinson VKh.

Human RCTRandomised controlled trialn = 284

Comparative efficacy of triptorelin pamoate and leuprolide acetate in men with advanced prostate cancer

Heyns CF. et al.

Proportion with testosterone in castration range (week 9)

97.5% vs 97.3%

Triptorelin vs Leuprolid

20027

Human trial

Acetyl hexapeptide-3 (Argireline): efficacy of a topical hexapeptide in attenuating facial wrinkles

Blanes-Mira C. et al.

Human trialControlled trialn = 67

Skin care benefits of copper peptide containing facial cream

Leyden JJ et al.

Findings:Statistical improvement in several skin parameters versus control.

Limitations:Cosmetic study with manufacturer involvement; partly subjective endpoints; no long-term data.

Human trial

Cardiovascular effects of hexarelin and other GH secretagogues

Broglio F. et al.

In vitro

Mechano growth factor expression in human skeletal muscle in response to stretch

Yang S. et al.

Human trial

Memory facilitation by Semax in healthy humans

Kaplan AYa., Kochetova AG., Nezavibathko VN. et al.

In vitro

A synthetic hexapeptide (Argireline) with anti-wrinkle activity

Blanes-Mira C. et al.

Human trial

Effect of thymus polypeptide complex on immune function

Khavinson VKh. et al.

20013

Animal model

Effect of Epitalon on biomarkers of aging, life span and spontaneous tumor incidence in female Swiss-derived SHR mice

Anisimov VN. et al.

Preclinical

Synthesis and biological activity of selank — an analog of the endogenous immunomodulatory peptide tuftsin

Kost NV., Sokolov OYu., Zolotarev YuA., Andreeva LA. et al.

Human RCTRandomised controlled trial

Thymosin alpha-1 in the treatment of chronic hepatitis B

Chien RN. et al.

20003

Animal model

Lipolytic activity of the human growth hormone fragment AOD-9604 in vitro and in vivo

Ng FM. et al.

Human trial

Effects of seven days of administration of two doses of ipamorelin on growth hormone, IGF-I and IGFBP-3 in healthy men

Svensson J. et al.

Preclinical

Potent derivatives of glucagon-like peptide-1 with pharmacokinetic properties suitable for once daily administration

Knudsen LB. et al.

19992

Preclinical

Ghrelin is a growth-hormone-releasing acylated peptide from stomach

Kojima M. et al.

Human trial

Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic modeling of ipamorelin, a growth hormone releasing peptide, in human volunteers

Gobburu JV. et al.

19983

Human trial

Effects of eight months treatment with graded doses of a growth hormone (GH)-releasing peptide in GH-deficient children

Mericq V. et al.

Animal modelControlled trial

Ipamorelin, the first selective growth hormone secretagogue

Raun K. et al.

Human trialControlled trial

Synthetic melanotropic peptide initiates erections in men with psychogenic erectile dysfunction

Wessells H. et al.

19974

Human trial

Diagnostic studies with intravenous and intranasal growth hormone-releasing peptide-2 in children of short stature

Pihoker C. et al.

Preclinical

Semax — synthetic ACTH(4-10) heptapeptide analog with neurotropic activity

Ashmarin IP. et al.

Human trialReview

Growth hormone-releasing hormone and growth hormone-releasing peptide as therapeutic agents to enhance growth hormone secretion in disease and aging

Thorner MO et al.

Findings:GHRH analogues induce a physiological, pulsatile GH response at the pituitary.

In vitro

Thymosin beta 4 stimulates directional migration of human umbilical vein endothelial cells

Malinda KM et al.

19964

Preclinical

A receptor in pituitary and hypothalamus that functions in growth hormone release

Howard AD. et al.

Human trial

Evaluation of melanotan-II, a superpotent cyclic melanotropic peptide in a pilot phase-I clinical study

Dorr RT. et al.

Human trial

Octreotide in acromegaly: long-term experience

Lamberts SW. et al.

Human trial

Diagnosis of adult GH deficiency

Ghigo E. et al.

19951

Human trial

Growth hormone-releasing hexapeptide (GHRP-6) — clinical observations

Laron Z. et al.

19942

Human trial

Growth hormone-releasing activity of hexarelin, a new synthetic hexapeptide

Ghigo E. et al.

Human trial

Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of hexarelin in humans

Imbimbo BP. et al.

19931

In vitro

A pentapeptide from type I procollagen promotes extracellular matrix production

Katayama K. et al.

19922

Preclinical

Isolation and characterization of exendin-4, an exendin-3 analogue, from Heloderma suspectum venom

Eng J. et al.

Human trial

Stimulation of growth hormone release by GHRP-2 in healthy subjects

Bowers CY. et al.

19901

Human trial

On the in vitro and in vivo activity of a new synthetic hexapeptide that acts on the pituitary to specifically release growth hormone

Bowers CY. et al.

19881

In vitroIn vitro

Stimulation of collagen synthesis in fibroblast cultures by the tripeptide-copper complex glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine-Cu²⁺

Maquart FX et al.

Findings:Dose-dependent increase in collagen markers in cell culture.

Limitations:In-vitro finding without predictive value for intact human skin.

19863

Human trial

Effects of DSIP on sleep and mood in adult humans

Schneider-Helmert D, Schoenenberger GA

Preclinical

Critical evaluation of the role of DSIP in sleep

Graf MV, Kastin AJ

Human trialControlled trial

Acceleration of growth rate in growth hormone-deficient children treated with human growth hormone-releasing hormone (1-29)-NH2 (sermorelin)

Thorner MO. et al.

19841

Animal model

DSIP and its analogs: distinct biological effects

Graf MV, Kastin AJ

19822

Preclinical

SMS 201-995: a very potent and selective octapeptide analogue of somatostatin with prolonged action

Bauer W. et al.

Preclinical

Growth hormone-releasing factor from a human pancreatic tumor that caused acromegaly

Guillemin R., Brazeau P., Böhlen P., Esch F., Ling N., Wehrenberg WB.

19771

Animal model

Characterization of a delta-electroencephalogram (-sleep)-inducing peptide

Schoenenberger GA, Monnier M

Showing 136 of 136 studies

202411

Human RCT

Trulicity (dulaglutide) — European Public Assessment Report

European Medicines Agency

Human RCT

Lyxumia (lixisenatide) — European Public Assessment Report

European Medicines Agency

Preclinical

CosIng — Palmitoyl Pentapeptide-4 (Cosmetic Ingredient Database)

European Commission DG GROW

Human trial

FDA Warning: Tanning Pills and Tanning Products

U.S. FDA

Human RCT

Somatostatin Analogs in Acromegaly and NET — EMA / FDA Label Reviews

European Medicines Agency / U.S. FDA

Human RCTRandomised controlled trial

Retatrutide for hepatic steatosis in adults with metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease — a phase 2 trial

Sanyal AJ. et al.

Human RCT

TRIUMPH Phase-3 Programme — A Study of Retatrutide (LY3437943) in Participants With Obesity

Eli Lilly and Company / ClinicalTrials.gov

Preclinical

CosIng — Acetyl Octapeptide-3 (Cosmetic Ingredient Database)

European Commission DG GROW

Human RCTRandomised controlled trialn = 387

Glucagon and GLP-1 receptor dual agonist survodutide for obesity: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-finding phase 2 trial

Le Roux CW. et al.

Mean weight reduction (highest dose arm)

−18.7%

vs Placebo (−2.0%) · 46 Wochen

Human RCTRandomised controlled trialn = 293

A phase 2 randomized trial of survodutide in MASH and fibrosis

Sanyal AJ. et al.

Histological MASH improvement (responder rate highest arm)

83%

vs Placebo (18%) · 48 Wochen

Human RCT

Decapeptyl (Triptorelin) — European Public Assessment Report

European Medicines Agency

20235

PreclinicalOther

FDA-Bekanntmachung zu Compounding-Beschränkungen für BPC-157

U.S. Food and Drug Administration

Findings:Rationale includes lack of characterised safety, purity and identity in available sources.

Human RCTRandomised controlled trial

Efficacy and safety of co-administered once-weekly cagrilintide 2.4 mg with once-weekly semaglutide 2.4 mg in type 2 diabetes

Frias JP. et al.

HbA1c reduction (CagriSema)

−2.18 %

vs Semaglutid −1.79 % · 32 Wochen

Human RCTRandomised controlled trialn = 338

Triple-hormone-receptor agonist retatrutide for obesity — a phase 2 trial

Jastreboff AM. et al.

Mean weight reduction (highest dose arm)

−24.2%

vs Placebo (−2.1%) · 48 Wochen

Human RCTRandomised controlled trialn = 281

Retatrutide, a GIP/GLP-1/glucagon receptor agonist, for people with type 2 diabetes — a phase 2 trial

Rosenstock J. et al.

HbA1c reduction (highest dose arm)

−2.02%

vs Placebo · 36 Wochen

Human RCTRandomised controlled trialn = 17604

Semaglutide and Cardiovascular Outcomes in Obesity without Diabetes

Lincoff AM et al.

Composite cardiovascular endpoint (MACE)

6.5%

vs. 8.0% Placebo (HR 0.80) · 39.8 Monate Mittel

Mean weight loss

−8.51%

vs. −1.50% Placebo · 104 Wochen

All-cause death

4.3%

vs. 5.2% Placebo · 39.8 Monate Mittel

Findings:Statistically significant reduction of the primary cardiovascular endpoint.

20222

Preclinical

LY3437943, a novel triple glucagon, GIP, and GLP-1 receptor agonist for glycemic control and weight loss: from discovery to clinical proof of concept

Coskun T. et al.

Human RCTRandomised controlled trialn = 2539

Tirzepatide once weekly for the treatment of obesity (SURMOUNT-1)

Jastreboff AM. et al.

Mean weight reduction (highest dose arm)

−20.9%

vs Placebo · 72 Wochen

Findings:Substantial weight reduction versus placebo was reported in the treatment arm.

20217

Human RCTRandomised controlled trialn = 96

Safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics of concomitant administration of multiple doses of cagrilintide with semaglutide 2.4 mg for weight management

Enebo LB. et al.

Weight reduction (combination, highest dose)

−17.1%

vs Placebo · 20 Wochen

Human RCTRandomised controlled trialn = 706

Once-weekly cagrilintide for weight management in people with overweight and obesity

Lau DCW. et al.

Weight reduction (highest dose arm)

−10.8%

vs Placebo (−3.0%) · 26 Wochen

Preclinical

Cagrilintide, a long-acting amylin analogue, in adults with overweight or obesity: a randomised, double-blind, dose-finding phase 2 trial

Kruse T, Hansen MK, Petersen A, Andersen B. (Novo Nordisk research)

Human RCTRandomised controlled trial

Efficacy and safety of dulaglutide 3.0 mg and 4.5 mg versus dulaglutide 1.5 mg in metformin-treated patients with type 2 diabetes (AWARD-11)

Frias JP. et al.

HbA1c reduction (4.5 mg)

−1.77 %

vs 1.5 mg (−1.54 %) · 36 Wochen

Human RCTRandomised controlled trialn = 1961

Once-Weekly Semaglutide in Adults with Overweight or Obesity

Wilding JPH et al.

Mean weight loss

−14.9%

vs. −2.4% Placebo · 68 Wochen

Participants achieving ≥ 5% weight loss

86.4%

vs. 31.5% Placebo · 68 Wochen

Participants achieving ≥ 10% weight loss

69.1%

vs. 12.0% Placebo · 68 Wochen

Participants achieving ≥ 15% weight loss

50.5%

vs. 4.9% Placebo · 68 Wochen

Findings:Clinically meaningful weight loss vs. placebo with concurrent lifestyle intervention.

Limitations:Limited observation period; weight regain after discontinuation documented in follow-up publications.

Human RCTRandomised controlled trialn = 478

Tirzepatide versus placebo as monotherapy in type 2 diabetes (SURPASS-1)

Rosenstock J. et al.

HbA1c reduction (highest dose arm)

−2.07%

vs Placebo · 40 Wochen

Findings:Significant HbA1c reduction was reported in the treatment arm versus placebo.

Human RCTRandomised controlled trialn = 1879

Tirzepatide versus semaglutide once weekly in patients with type 2 diabetes (SURPASS-2)

Frías JP. et al.

HbA1c difference

−0.45 percentage points

vs Semaglutid 1 mg · 40 Wochen

20203

Human RCT

Byetta (exenatide) — Prescribing Information / FDA Label

U.S. FDA

Preclinical

Senolytic drugs: from discovery to translation

Kirkland JL., Tchkonia T.

Human trial

Thymalin in the immunorehabilitation of patients with severe COVID-19

Kuznik BI. et al.

20194

Human RCTRandomised controlled trialn = 1247

Bremelanotide for hypoactive sexual desire disorder: two phase-3 trials (RECONNECT)

Kingsberg SA. et al.

Responder rate on desire score

25.0% vs 17.0%

vs Placebo · 24 Wochen

Human RCT

Vyleesi (bremelanotide) — Prescribing Information / FDA Label

U.S. FDA

Human RCTRandomised controlled trialn = 9901

Dulaglutide and cardiovascular outcomes in type 2 diabetes (REWIND)

Gerstein HC. et al.

Primary MACE endpoint

HR 0.88

vs Placebo · median 5.4 Jahre

Human RCTRandomised controlled trialn = 61

Effects of tesamorelin on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in HIV

Stanley TL. et al.

Reduction in intrahepatic triglyceride (IHTG)

−4.1 percentage points

vs Placebo · 12 Monate

20181

Human RCTRandomised controlled trial

Efficacy and safety of once-weekly dulaglutide versus insulin glargine in patients with type 2 diabetes and moderate-to-severe chronic kidney disease (AWARD-7)

Tuttle KR. et al.

20178

In vitroIn vitro

Therapeutic potential of pro-angiogenic BPC157 is associated with VEGFR2 activation and up-regulation

Hsieh MJ et al.

Findings:BPC-157 modulated VEGF signalling and endothelial migration patterns in cell culture.

Limitations:In-vitro finding; says nothing about in-vivo efficacy or clinical relevance.

Human RCTRandomised controlled trialn = 14752

Effects of once-weekly exenatide on cardiovascular outcomes in type 2 diabetes (EXSCEL)

Holman RR. et al.

Primary MACE endpoint

HR 0.91

vs Placebo (nicht signifikant für Superiorität) · median 3.2 Jahre

Animal modelControlled trial

Targeted apoptosis of senescent cells restores tissue homeostasis in response to chemotoxicity and aging

Baar MP. et al.

Reduction of senescent cells (kidney, mouse)

signifikant gegenüber Vehikel

vs Vehikel · 3 Wochen

Preclinical

Cell senescence: a new piece of the puzzle of FOXO4 — review of Baar et al.

Le Bras A.

Human RCTRandomised controlled trial

Liraglutide in an adolescent population with obesity

Danne T. et al.

Human trial

Risks of unregulated use of alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone analogues: a review

Habbema L., Halk AB., Neumann M., Bergman W.

Animal modelAnimal model

FDA Boxed Warning — Risk of Thyroid C-Cell Tumors

U.S. Food and Drug Administration

Findings:Thyroid C-cell tumours in rats under GLP-1 analogues; human relevance not established.

Human RCTControlled trial

Triptorelin 3-month formulation in advanced prostate cancer — efficacy and safety long-term follow-up

Lebret T. et al.

20163

Human RCTRandomised controlled trial

Bremelanotide for female sexual dysfunctions in premenopausal women: a randomized, placebo-controlled dose-finding trial

Clayton AH. et al.

Human RCTRandomised controlled trialn = 9340

Liraglutide and cardiovascular outcomes in type 2 diabetes (LEADER)

Marso SP. et al.

Primary MACE endpoint

HR 0.87

vs Placebo · median 3.8 Jahre

Human RCTRandomised controlled trialn = 3297

Semaglutide and Cardiovascular Outcomes in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes

Marso SP et al.

Composite cardiovascular endpoint (MACE)

6.6%

vs. 8.9% Placebo (HR 0.74) · 2.1 Jahre Median

Non-fatal stroke

1.6%

vs. 2.7% Placebo · 2.1 Jahre Median

HbA1c reduction

−1.1 bis −1.4 Prozentpunkte

vs. Placebo · Studiendauer

Findings:Reduction of composite cardiovascular endpoints vs. placebo in high-risk patients.

20154

In vitro

Penetration of Acetyl Hexapeptide-3 (Argireline) into porcine skin

Lim SH., Sun Y., Madanagopal TT., Rosa V., Kang L.

PreclinicalReview

GHK Peptide as a Natural Modulator of Multiple Cellular Pathways in Skin Regeneration

Pickart L et al.

Findings:Compilation of preclinical findings on gene expression, wound healing, antioxidation.

Limitations:Review format; selection bias possible.

Human RCTRandomised controlled trialn = 3731

A randomized, controlled trial of 3.0 mg of liraglutide in weight management (SCALE)

Pi-Sunyer X. et al.

Mean weight reduction

−8.0%

vs Placebo (−2.6%) · 56 Wochen

Human RCTRandomised controlled trialn = 6068

Lixisenatide in patients with type 2 diabetes and acute coronary syndrome (ELIXA)

Pfeffer MA. et al.

Primary MACE endpoint

HR 1.02

vs Placebo (nicht-inferior, nicht superior) · median 2.1 Jahre

20147

Human trial

TGA Scheduling Decision on AOD-9604

Australian Therapeutic Goods Administration

Human RCTRandomised controlled trialn = 978

Once-weekly dulaglutide versus exenatide twice daily in patients with type 2 diabetes (AWARD-1)

Wysham C. et al.

HbA1c reduction (dulaglutide 1.5 mg)

−1.51%

vs Exenatide (−0.99%) · 52 Wochen

Preclinical

Short cell-penetrating peptides — new class of biologically active substances (peptide bioregulators)

Khavinson VKh., Linkova NS., Tarnovskaya SI.

Human RCTRandomised controlled trial

Ipamorelin: a selective growth hormone secretagogue with potential to overcome opioid-induced bowel dysfunction

Beck DE. et al.

Preclinical

Mechano-growth factor: an important cog or a loose screw in the repair machinery?

Philippou A., Barton ER.

Human RCTRandomised controlled trial

Lanreotide in metastatic enteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (CLARINET)

Caplin ME. et al.

Preclinical

Short cell-penetrating peptides — new class of biologically active substances (peptide bioregulators)

Khavinson VKh., Linkova NS., Tarnovskaya SI.

20135

Human trial

The efficacy and safety of argireline in skin care: a meta-analysis

Wang Y. et al.

Human RCTRandomised controlled trialn = 634

Efficacy and safety of lixisenatide once daily versus exenatide twice daily in type 2 diabetes (GetGoal-X)

Rosenstock J. et al.

HbA1c reduction (lixisenatide)

−0.79%

vs Exenatide (−0.96%) · 24 Wochen

Human RCTRandomised controlled trial

A 96-week study to evaluate the efficacy and safety of subcutaneous lixisenatide as add-on to oral antidiabetic therapy (GetGoal-L)

Riddle MC. et al.

Animal model

The Pro-Gly-Pro neuropeptide selank and its influence on emotional behaviour in animal models

Medvedev VE. et al.

Human RCTRandomised controlled trialn = 361

Effect of thymosin alpha-1 on the 28-day mortality of severe sepsis (ETASS)

Wu J. et al.

28-day mortality (absolute)

26.0% vs 35.0%

vs Kontroll-Arm · 28 Tage

20121

Human RCTRandomised controlled trial

Efficacy and safety of lixisenatide once-daily morning administration in patients with type 2 diabetes inadequately controlled with diet and exercise (GetGoal-Mono)

Fonseca VA. et al.

20111

Animal modelAnimal model

The promoting effect of pentadecapeptide BPC 157 on tendon healing involves tendon outgrowth, cell survival, and cell migration

Chang CH et al.

Findings:Treated animals showed improved healing parameters versus control.

Limitations:Animal model, small sample, no long-term follow-up. Not transferable to humans without clinical studies.

20104

Human RCTRandomised controlled trial

A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multi-dose study of the effects of AOD-9604 on adiposity in obese subjects

Ng FM. et al.

Animal modelReview

Revised Robert's cytoprotection and adaptive cytoprotection and stable gastric pentadecapeptide BPC 157

Sikiric P et al.

Findings:Aggregates several animal studies on gastric mucosal protection, ulcer healing and gastrointestinal adaptations.

Limitations:Review by the same research group — possible selection bias. No human data.

Animal model

Comparative analysis of expression of certain genes in murine brain after Semax administration

Shadrina MI. et al.

Preclinical

Thymosin beta4 and corneal wound healing: visions of the future

Sosne G et al.

20097

Human RCTRandomised controlled trial

Liraglutide once a day versus exenatide twice a day for type 2 diabetes: a 26-week randomised, parallel-group, multinational, open-label trial (LEAD-6)

Buse JB. et al.

HbA1c reduction (liraglutide 1.8 mg)

−1.12 %

vs Exenatide −0.79 % · 26 Wochen

Human RCTRandomised controlled trial

Liraglutide versus glimepiride monotherapy for type 2 diabetes (LEAD-3 Mono): a randomised, 52-week, phase 3, double-blind, parallel-treatment trial

Garber A. et al.

Human RCTRandomised controlled trial

Treatment of periorbital wrinkles with a novel cosmetic combination — a randomized, vehicle-controlled clinical trial

Trookman NS. et al.

Preclinical

Biologically active peptides: from a laboratory bench curiosity to a functional skin care product

Lintner K.

Human trial

Change in moles linked to use of unlicensed 'sun tan jab'

Langan EA. et al.

Human RCTRandomised controlled trialn = 85

Placebo-controlled, double-blind, prospective, randomized study on the effect of octreotide LAR in the control of tumor growth in patients with metastatic neuroendocrine midgut tumors (PROMID)

Rinke A. et al.

Median progression-free survival

14.3 vs 6.0 Monate

vs Placebo · median follow-up

Human trial

Consensus statement on the use of gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogs in children

Carel JC. et al.

20084

Human trial

Efficacy and safety of Selank in patients with generalized anxiety disorder

Zozulia AA. et al.

Human trial

Immunomodulatory effects of Selank in patients with anxiety-asthenic disorders

Uchakina ON. et al.

PreclinicalOther

Withdrawal of Geref (Sermorelin Acetate) from the US Market

U.S. Food and Drug Administration

Findings:Withdrawal was commercially motivated, not driven by safety findings by the regulator.

Human trial

SNAP-8 — Technical Dossier (Lipotec/Centerchem)

Lipotec S.A.

20072

Preclinical

Mechano growth factor and its splice variant in cardiovascular pathologies

Mills P. et al.

Human RCTRandomised controlled trialn = 412

Effects of tesamorelin (TH9507), a growth hormone-releasing factor analog, in HIV-infected patients with excess abdominal fat

Falutz J. et al.

VAT reduction from baseline

−15.2%

vs Placebo (+5.0%) · 26 Wochen

20065

Human trialControlled trial

An effect on the subjective sexual response in premenopausal women with sexual arousal disorder by bremelanotide (PT-141), a melanocortin receptor agonist

Diamond LE. et al.

Human trialControlled trialn = 21

Prolonged stimulation of growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor I secretion by CJC-1295, a long-acting analog of GH-releasing hormone, in healthy adults

Teichman SL et al.

Findings:Sustained elevation of GH and IGF-1 over several days.

Limitations:Small sample, short observation, surrogate-oriented endpoints.

Human trialControlled trialn = 7

Pulsatile secretion of growth hormone (GH) persists during continuous stimulation by CJC-1295, a long-acting GH-releasing hormone analog

Ionescu M, Frohman LA

GH pulse frequency

erhalten / preserved

Baseline

Findings:GH pulses were preserved over the observation period, with elevated baseline.

Limitations:Very small sample, no clinical endpoints recorded.

Animal modelControlled trial

Once-daily administration of CJC-1295, a long-acting GHRH analog, normalizes growth in the GHRH knockout mouse

Alba M. et al.

Findings:Growth normalisation in the animal model; evidence for functional activity of the DAC modification.

Limitations:Animal model — translation to adults with intact GH axis is not direct.

Human trial

Peptide geroprotectors — a promising trend in modern biogerontology

Korkushko OV. et al.

20054

Human RCTRandomised controlled trialn = 733

Effect of exenatide on glycemic control over 30 weeks in patients with type 2 diabetes treated with metformin and a sulfonylurea (AMIGO)

Kendall DM. et al.

HbA1c reduction (10 µg arm)

−0.8%

vs Placebo · 30 Wochen

Human RCTRandomised controlled trial

Growth hormone releasing peptide-2 (GHRP-2), like ghrelin, increases food intake in healthy men

Laferrère B. et al.

Caloric intake at test meal

+35 % vs Placebo

vs Placebo · single dose

Human RCTRandomised controlled trialn = 93

Topical palmitoyl pentapeptide provides improvement in photoaged human facial skin

Robinson LR. et al.

Skin topography improvement (wrinkles/fine lines)

kleine signifikante Verbesserung

vs Vehikel · 12 Wochen

Human trial

Efficacy of Semax in acute ischaemic stroke

Gusev EI. et al.

20041

Human trialControlled trial

Evaluation of the safety, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamic effects of subcutaneously administered PT-141, a melanocortin receptor agonist, in healthy male subjects and in patients with an inadequate response to Viagra

Rosen RC. et al.

20036

In vitro

Peptide promotes overcoming of the division limit in human somatic cell

Khavinson VKh. et al.

Animal model

Cardiovascular activity of hexarelin in the rat: GHS-R independent mechanisms

Torsello A. et al.

Animal model

Muscle satellite (stem) cell activation during local tissue injury and repair

Hill M., Goldspink G.

Animal model

Thymosin beta 4 and a synthetic peptide containing its actin-binding domain promote dermal wound repair in db/db diabetic mice and in aged mice

Philp D et al.

Preclinical

Peptides and ageing

Khavinson VKh.

Human RCTRandomised controlled trialn = 284

Comparative efficacy of triptorelin pamoate and leuprolide acetate in men with advanced prostate cancer

Heyns CF. et al.

Proportion with testosterone in castration range (week 9)

97.5% vs 97.3%

Triptorelin vs Leuprolid

20027

Human trial

Acetyl hexapeptide-3 (Argireline): efficacy of a topical hexapeptide in attenuating facial wrinkles

Blanes-Mira C. et al.

Human trialControlled trialn = 67

Skin care benefits of copper peptide containing facial cream

Leyden JJ et al.

Findings:Statistical improvement in several skin parameters versus control.

Limitations:Cosmetic study with manufacturer involvement; partly subjective endpoints; no long-term data.

Human trial

Cardiovascular effects of hexarelin and other GH secretagogues

Broglio F. et al.

In vitro

Mechano growth factor expression in human skeletal muscle in response to stretch

Yang S. et al.

Human trial

Memory facilitation by Semax in healthy humans

Kaplan AYa., Kochetova AG., Nezavibathko VN. et al.

In vitro

A synthetic hexapeptide (Argireline) with anti-wrinkle activity

Blanes-Mira C. et al.

Human trial

Effect of thymus polypeptide complex on immune function

Khavinson VKh. et al.

20013

Animal model

Effect of Epitalon on biomarkers of aging, life span and spontaneous tumor incidence in female Swiss-derived SHR mice

Anisimov VN. et al.

Preclinical

Synthesis and biological activity of selank — an analog of the endogenous immunomodulatory peptide tuftsin

Kost NV., Sokolov OYu., Zolotarev YuA., Andreeva LA. et al.

Human RCTRandomised controlled trial

Thymosin alpha-1 in the treatment of chronic hepatitis B

Chien RN. et al.

20003

Animal model

Lipolytic activity of the human growth hormone fragment AOD-9604 in vitro and in vivo

Ng FM. et al.

Human trial

Effects of seven days of administration of two doses of ipamorelin on growth hormone, IGF-I and IGFBP-3 in healthy men

Svensson J. et al.

Preclinical

Potent derivatives of glucagon-like peptide-1 with pharmacokinetic properties suitable for once daily administration

Knudsen LB. et al.

19992

Preclinical

Ghrelin is a growth-hormone-releasing acylated peptide from stomach

Kojima M. et al.

Human trial

Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic modeling of ipamorelin, a growth hormone releasing peptide, in human volunteers

Gobburu JV. et al.

19983

Human trial

Effects of eight months treatment with graded doses of a growth hormone (GH)-releasing peptide in GH-deficient children

Mericq V. et al.

Animal modelControlled trial

Ipamorelin, the first selective growth hormone secretagogue

Raun K. et al.

Human trialControlled trial

Synthetic melanotropic peptide initiates erections in men with psychogenic erectile dysfunction

Wessells H. et al.

19974

Human trial

Diagnostic studies with intravenous and intranasal growth hormone-releasing peptide-2 in children of short stature

Pihoker C. et al.

Preclinical

Semax — synthetic ACTH(4-10) heptapeptide analog with neurotropic activity

Ashmarin IP. et al.

Human trialReview

Growth hormone-releasing hormone and growth hormone-releasing peptide as therapeutic agents to enhance growth hormone secretion in disease and aging

Thorner MO et al.

Findings:GHRH analogues induce a physiological, pulsatile GH response at the pituitary.

In vitro

Thymosin beta 4 stimulates directional migration of human umbilical vein endothelial cells

Malinda KM et al.

19964

Preclinical

A receptor in pituitary and hypothalamus that functions in growth hormone release

Howard AD. et al.

Human trial

Evaluation of melanotan-II, a superpotent cyclic melanotropic peptide in a pilot phase-I clinical study

Dorr RT. et al.

Human trial

Octreotide in acromegaly: long-term experience

Lamberts SW. et al.

Human trial

Diagnosis of adult GH deficiency

Ghigo E. et al.

19951

Human trial

Growth hormone-releasing hexapeptide (GHRP-6) — clinical observations

Laron Z. et al.

19942

Human trial

Growth hormone-releasing activity of hexarelin, a new synthetic hexapeptide

Ghigo E. et al.

Human trial

Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of hexarelin in humans

Imbimbo BP. et al.

19931

In vitro

A pentapeptide from type I procollagen promotes extracellular matrix production

Katayama K. et al.

19922

Preclinical

Isolation and characterization of exendin-4, an exendin-3 analogue, from Heloderma suspectum venom

Eng J. et al.

Human trial

Stimulation of growth hormone release by GHRP-2 in healthy subjects

Bowers CY. et al.

19901

Human trial

On the in vitro and in vivo activity of a new synthetic hexapeptide that acts on the pituitary to specifically release growth hormone

Bowers CY. et al.

19881

In vitroIn vitro

Stimulation of collagen synthesis in fibroblast cultures by the tripeptide-copper complex glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine-Cu²⁺

Maquart FX et al.

Findings:Dose-dependent increase in collagen markers in cell culture.

Limitations:In-vitro finding without predictive value for intact human skin.

19863

Human trial

Effects of DSIP on sleep and mood in adult humans

Schneider-Helmert D, Schoenenberger GA

Preclinical

Critical evaluation of the role of DSIP in sleep

Graf MV, Kastin AJ

Human trialControlled trial

Acceleration of growth rate in growth hormone-deficient children treated with human growth hormone-releasing hormone (1-29)-NH2 (sermorelin)

Thorner MO. et al.

19841

Animal model

DSIP and its analogs: distinct biological effects

Graf MV, Kastin AJ

19822

Preclinical

SMS 201-995: a very potent and selective octapeptide analogue of somatostatin with prolonged action

Bauer W. et al.

Preclinical

Growth hormone-releasing factor from a human pancreatic tumor that caused acromegaly

Guillemin R., Brazeau P., Böhlen P., Esch F., Ling N., Wehrenberg WB.

19771

Animal model

Characterization of a delta-electroencephalogram (-sleep)-inducing peptide

Schoenenberger GA, Monnier M