Peptides A–Z
Everything you need to know about peptides — scientifically contextualised.
Identity, mechanism, evidence base, legal status, risks, comparisons — per peptide in one entry. With visible evidence tier and sources under every statement. Not a usage recommendation.
87
Peptides recorded
274
Studies aggregated
14
Countries with legal status
Evidence distribution
263 observations
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What you'll find
Six ways into the peptide world
01
Identity
Profiles per peptide
Chemical identity, class, synonyms, sequence, molecular weight — compact at the top of every entry.
02
Mechanism
How it acts biologically
Neutrally explained mechanism of action, glossary terms auto-linked.
03
Studies
Evidence transparent
Every claim with a visible evidence tier — human RCT to anecdotal. Filterable.
04
Legal status
Country by country
Approved, research, restriction, ban — with source and date.
05
Comparison
Two peptides side by side
Identity, evidence, legal status, adverse events — directly comparable.
06
Glossary
Technical terms, plainly
Hover a term and the definition appears in-text.
Evidence distribution
What this platform documents
Aggregated across all catalogued peptides. Every documented observation carries its visible evidence tier — from human RCT down to anecdotal. Weaker tiers are deliberately visible.
263 documented observations total
Human RCT113
43.0% · Only Human RCT in the lexicon →
Human trial82
31.2% · Only Human trial in the lexicon →
Animal model32
12.2% · Only Animal model in the lexicon →
In vitro18
6.8% · Only In vitro in the lexicon →
Preclinical6
2.3% · Only Preclinical in the lexicon →
Anecdotal5
1.9% · Only Anecdotal in the lexicon →
Theoretical7
2.7% · Only Theoretical in the lexicon →
Proven wins
What the research positively shows
Not everything is hype — these effects are established in controlled trials. The strongest findings, reported neutrally and linked.
Semaglutide
−20% major cardiovascular events
SELECT · human RCT
Tirzepatide
over −20% body weight
SURMOUNT · human RCT
Efinopegdutide
−72.7% liver fat (vs. −42% on semaglutide)
phase 2 RCT
Tesamorelin
−15% visceral abdominal fat
phase 3 RCT
Lanreotide
prolonged progression-free survival (NET)
CLARINET · human RCT
GHK-Cu
collagen stimulation in 70% of volunteers — more than vitamin C/retinoic acid
human study · topical
Updates
Recently reviewed
The five most recently updated peptide entries. Full history in the RSS feed.
Families
By application area
In focus
Human RCTResearch other · 5 studies
Bremelanotide
Synthetic cyclic heptapeptide acting as a non-selective melanocortin-receptor agonist. FDA-approved in 2019 as Vyleesi for hypoactive sexual desire disorder (HSDD) in pre-menopausal women..
Open entry →Quick facts
CAS189691-06-3
SequenceAc-Nle-c[Asp-His-D-Phe-Arg-Trp-Lys]-OH
MW1025.18 g/mol
t½2.7 h
Effects3
Conflicts1
Entry register
All catalogued peptides
Abaloparatid
Human RCTResearch other · 3960.6 g/mol · t½ 1.7h
Abaloparatide is a synthetic 34-amino-acid analogue of parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP 1-34). It is regulatory-approved and studi…
Afamelanotide
Human RCTResearch other · 1646.87 g/mol · t½ 12h
Afamelanotide (brand name Scenesse) is a synthetic 13-amino-acid analogue of α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH) and a melanocortin-1 r…
Amycretin
Human RCTMetabolic
Amycretin is a unimolecular GLP-1 and amylin receptor agonist from Novo Nordisk — in development both as a once-weekly subcutaneous and a on…
AOD-9604
Human RCTGrowth · 1815.09 g/mol · t½ 0.4h
Synthetic 16-amino-acid peptide corresponding to the C-terminal fragment of human growth hormone (hGH 176-191). Originally developed by Meta…
Argireline
Human trialCosmetic · 888.99 g/mol
Synthetic hexapeptide marketed as a topical anti-wrinkle ingredient (e.g. by Lipotec/Lubrizol). Mechanism modelled on the SNAP-25-blocking a…
BPC-157
Animal modelHealing · 1419.5 g/mol · t½ 4h
Synthetic pentadecapeptide (15 amino acids) derived from a sequence of a gastric-juice protein. Studied predominantly in animal models on he…
Bremelanotide
Human RCTResearch other · 1025.18 g/mol · t½ 2.7h
Synthetic cyclic heptapeptide acting as a non-selective melanocortin-receptor agonist. FDA-approved in 2019 as Vyleesi for hypoactive sexual…
Buserelin
Human RCTResearch other · 1239.42 g/mol
Buserelin is a synthetic GnRH agonist (including as a nasal spray). It is used in endometriosis, hormone-dependent prostate cancer and assis…
Cagrilintide
Human RCTMetabolic · 4253.7 g/mol · t½ 168h
Synthetic long-acting amylin analog being developed in combination with semaglutide (CagriSema). Phase 3 trials for obesity and type 2 diabe…
CagriSema
Human RCTMetabolic
CagriSema is a fixed-dose combination of the amylin analogue cagrilintide and the GLP-1 agonist semaglutide (Novo Nordisk), in late-stage de…
Calcitonin (Lachs)
Human RCTResearch other · 3431.85 g/mol · t½ 1h
Salmon calcitonin is a synthetically produced 32-amino-acid peptide hormone that corresponds to the body's own calcitonin but exhibits highe…
Carbetocin
Human RCTResearch other · t½ 0.67h
Carbetocin is a long-acting synthetic oxytocin analog (half-life ~40 minutes). It prevents postpartum hemorrhage as a single injection. Appr…
Cerebrolysin
Human RCTResearch other
Cerebrolysin (FPF-1070) is not a single peptide but a porcine-brain-derived preparation of low-molecular-weight peptides and free amino acid…
Cetrorelix
Human RCTResearch other · 1431.06 g/mol
Cetrorelix is a synthetic decapeptide and GnRH antagonist. It is used in assisted reproduction (IVF) to prevent a premature LH surge during …
CJC-1295
Human trialGrowth · 3647.3 g/mol · t½ 144h
Long-acting synthetic GHRH analogue modified for albumin binding (DAC). Stimulates endogenous growth-hormone release. Pharmacodynamic effect…
Degarelix
Human RCTResearch other · 1632.3 g/mol · t½ 1320h
Degarelix (trade name Firmagon) is a synthetic decapeptide and a gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) receptor antagonist. Unlike GnRH agon…
Desmopressin
Human RCTResearch other · 1069.2 g/mol · t½ 3h
Desmopressin (DDAVP) is a synthetic analogue of the endogenous hormone vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone, ADH). Deamination of the first ami…
DSIP
Human trialResearch other · 848.81 g/mol · t½ 0.1h
Synthetic nonapeptide isolated in 1977 by Guido Monnier and Marcel Schoenenberger from the blood of rabbits in delta sleep. Despite the name…
Dulaglutide
Human RCTMetabolic · 59670 g/mol · t½ 110h
GLP-1 receptor agonist designed as a fusion protein of two modified GLP-1(7-37) sequences covalently linked to a human IgG4-Fc fragment. FDA…
Ecnoglutide
Human RCTMetabolic · t½ 144h
Ecnoglutide (XW003) is a long-acting, cAMP-signalling-biased GLP-1 analogue from Sciwind Biosciences. Derived from GLP-1(7-37) with an alani…
Efinopegdutide
Human RCTMetabolic · t½ 115h
Efinopegdutide (MK-6024, formerly JNJ-64565111 / HM12525A) is a once-weekly dual agonist at the GLP-1 and glucagon receptors, developed by H…
Elamipretide
Human RCTResearch other · 639.8 g/mol
Elamipretide (SS-31, MTP-131, formerly Bendavia) is a synthetic, mitochondria-targeting tetrapeptide (sequence D-Arg-Dmt-Lys-Phe-NH2) that b…
Eloralintide
Human RCTMetabolic
Eloralintide is a selective, long-acting amylin receptor agonist from Eli Lilly for once-weekly subcutaneous use — under investigation for o…
Enfuvirtid
Human RCTResearch other · 4491.88 g/mol
Enfuvirtide is a synthetic 36-amino-acid peptide and the first HIV-1 fusion inhibitor. It binds the HR1 region of the viral envelope protein…
Epitalon
Human trialResearch other · 390.35 g/mol · t½ 0.3h
Synthetic tetrapeptide (Ala-Glu-Asp-Gly) derived from the pineal extract epithalamin (V. Khavinson, St. Petersburg). Investigated in the Rus…
Exenatide
Human RCTMetabolic · 4186.6 g/mol · t½ 2.4h
Synthetic version of exendin-4, originally isolated from the saliva of the Gila monster (Heloderma suspectum). First GLP-1 receptor agonist,…
Follistatin (FST)
Human trialGrowth · 35000 g/mol
Follistatin is an endogenous glycosylated binding protein (~35 kDa, considerably larger than typical peptides) that binds and neutralises me…
FOXO4-DRI
Animal modelResearch other · 3735 g/mol · t½ 0.5h
Synthetic peptide with D-Retro-Inverso structure (all amino acids as D-form, sequence reversed), developed in 2017 as an experimental senoly…
Ganirelix
Human RCTResearch other · 1570.3 g/mol
Ganirelix is a synthetic decapeptide and GnRH antagonist. In assisted reproduction (IVF) it prevents the premature LH surge during controlle…
GHK-Cu
Human trialCosmetic · 340.4 g/mol
Endogenous tripeptide (glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine) that chelates copper(II) ions. Studied in skin models and small human trials on collagen …
GHRP-2
Human trialGrowth · 817.93 g/mol · t½ 0.5h
Synthetic hexapeptide of the GH secretagogue family. Approved in Japan as GHRP Kaken as a diagnostic test for GH deficiency. Not available a…
GHRP-6
Human trialGrowth · 873.02 g/mol · t½ 0.4h
Synthetic hexapeptide that founded the class of growth-hormone-releasing peptides (GHRPs). Cyril Bowers identified GHRP-6 in the late 1970s …
Glepaglutide
Human RCTResearch other
Glepaglutide is a long-acting GLP-2 analogue (Zealand Pharma) intended to reduce the need for parenteral support in short bowel syndrome.…
Glucagon
Human RCTMetabolic · 3483 g/mol · t½ 0.13h
Glucagon is a 29-amino-acid pancreatic hormone produced by the alpha cells of the islets of Langerhans. It is the physiological counterpart …
Gonadorelin
Human trialResearch other · 1182.29 g/mol · t½ 0.1h
Gonadorelin is the synthetic decapeptide with an amino-acid sequence identical to endogenous gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH/LHRH). His…
Goserelin
Human RCTResearch other · 1269.43 g/mol · t½ 4.2h
Goserelin is a synthetic decapeptide and an agonist of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH). The medical literature describes it as a hormo…
Hexarelin
Human trialGrowth · 887.05 g/mol · t½ 0.9h
Synthetic hexapeptide of the growth-hormone secretagogue (GHRP) family. In the 1990s investigated as an acromegaly diagnostic and for GH def…
Histrelin
Human RCTResearch other · 1323.52 g/mol
Histrelin is a nonapeptide GnRH agonist delivered as a once-yearly implant. Approved for central precocious puberty in children (Supprelin L…
Humanin
Human trialResearch other · 2687.27 g/mol
Humanin is a 24-amino-acid mitochondrial-encoded peptide (mitochondrial-derived peptide, MDP) whose open reading frame lies within the 16S r…
Icatibant
Human RCTResearch other · 1304.52 g/mol
Icatibant is a synthetic decapeptide and selective antagonist of the bradykinin B2 receptor. It is approved to treat acute attacks of heredi…
IGF-1 LR3
Animal modelGrowth · 9117.6 g/mol · t½ 21h
Synthetic analogue of insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) carrying an arginine substitution at position 3 and a 13-amino-acid N-terminal ex…
Ipamorelin
Human RCTGrowth · 711.86 g/mol · t½ 2h
Synthetic pentapeptide and selective growth-hormone secretagogue. Developed at Novo Nordisk in the 1990s as a pentapeptide GHRP successor; c…
Kisspeptin-10
Human RCTResearch other · 1302.44 g/mol · t½ 0.07h
Kisspeptin-10 is the shortest bioactive fragment (10 amino acids) of the endogenous neuropeptide kisspeptin, encoded by the KISS1 gene. It a…
KPV
Animal modelHealing · 342.4 g/mol
KPV is the C-terminal tripeptide (lysine-proline-valine) of the hormone α-MSH, corresponding to its positions 11–13. In cell and rodent mode…
Lanreotid
Human RCTResearch other · 1096.34 g/mol
Lanreotide is a synthetic cyclic octapeptide analog of somatostatin. It binds preferentially to the somatostatin receptors SSTR2 and SSTR5 a…
Leuprorelin
Human RCTResearch other · 1209.4 g/mol · t½ 3h
Leuprorelin (also leuprolide) is a synthetic nonapeptide analogue of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH/LHRH). It is an approved prescript…
Linaclotid
Human RCTResearch other · 1526.74 g/mol
Linaclotide is a 14-amino-acid peptide and guanylate cyclase-C (GC-C) agonist. It is approved for irritable bowel syndrome with constipation…
Liraglutide
Human RCTMetabolic · 3751 g/mol · t½ 13h
GLP-1 receptor agonist with a half-life of about 13 hours. The first daily (not weekly) modern GLP-1 RA — approved as Victoza for type 2 dia…
Lixisenatide
Human RCTMetabolic · 4858.5 g/mol · t½ 3h
Synthetic exendin-4 analog with a C-terminal lysine extension. Prandial GLP-1 RA focused on postprandial glucose. FDA-approved 2016 as Adlyx…
LL-37
Human trialResearch other · 4493.33 g/mol
LL-37 is the only known human cathelicidin, a 37-amino-acid antimicrobial peptide generated by cleavage of the precursor protein hCAP18. In …
Maridebart Cafraglutide
Human RCTMetabolic
Maridebart cafraglutide (MariTide, Amgen) is a bispecific molecule: a GLP-1 receptor agonist combined with a GIP receptor antagonist, design…
Matrixyl
Human RCTCosmetic · 802.06 g/mol
Synthetic pentapeptide (KTTKS) with a palmitoyl modification, marketed as a topical anti-aging ingredient (Lipotec/Sederma). Structurally de…
Mazdutide
Human RCTMetabolic · 4790 g/mol · t½ 132h
Synthetic oxyntomodulin analogue that simultaneously activates the GLP-1 and glucagon receptors (dual agonist). Developed by Innovent Biolog…
Melanotan II
Human trialResearch other · 1024.18 g/mol · t½ 1h
Cyclic hepta-peptide and non-selective melanocortin-receptor agonist. Originally researched at the University of Arizona as a sun-protection…
MGF (Mechano Growth Factor)
Animal modelGrowth · 2867.2 g/mol · t½ 0.1h
Synthetic peptide corresponding to the C-terminal E-domain of the IGF-1 splice variant IGF-1Ec. Described in preclinical studies as a 'mecha…
Mod GRF (1-29)
Human trialGrowth · 3367.9 g/mol · t½ 0.5h
Tetrasubstituted synthetic analogue of GHRH(1-29), traded on the grey market as "CJC-1295 without DAC". Closely related to sermorelin (GHRH …
MOTS-c
Human trialResearch other · 2174.61 g/mol
MOTS-c is a 16-amino-acid mitochondrial-encoded peptide (mitochondrial-derived peptide, MDP) whose open reading frame lies within the 12S rR…
Nafarelin
Human RCTResearch other
Nafarelin is a GnRH agonist and the only member of this class delivered as a nasal spray. It is approved for treating endometriosis and cent…
Octreotide
Human RCTResearch other · 1019.24 g/mol · t½ 1.7h
Synthetic octapeptide somatostatin analog with a longer half-life than endogenous somatostatin. FDA- and EMA-approved since the 1980s for ac…
Oxytocin
Human RCTResearch other · 1007.19 g/mol · t½ 0.05h
Oxytocin is an endogenous nonapeptide hormone of the posterior pituitary. In synthetic form (Pitocin, Syntocinon) it has been approved for d…
Pasireotid
Human RCTResearch other · 1047.21 g/mol
Pasireotide is a multireceptor somatostatin analog binding to four of the five somatostatin receptors (especially SSTR5). It is approved for…
Pemvidutide
Human trialMetabolic
Pemvidutide is a 29-amino-acid GLP-1/glucagon dual receptor agonist (Altimmune) under investigation for obesity and the fatty-liver disease …
Petrelintide
Human RCTMetabolic
Petrelintide is a long-acting amylin analogue (Zealand Pharma, with Roche) for once-weekly subcutaneous use — developed for weight managemen…
Plecanatid
Human RCTResearch other · 1682 g/mol
Plecanatide is a 16-amino-acid analog of the body's own uroguanylin and a guanylate cyclase-C (GC-C) agonist. It is approved for chronic idi…
Pramlintid
Human RCTMetabolic · 3949.4 g/mol
Pramlintide is a synthetic analog of the hormone amylin. It is used as an adjunct to mealtime insulin therapy in type 1 and type 2 diabetes …
Retatrutide
Human RCTMetabolic · 4731.6 g/mol · t½ 144h
Synthetic triagonist peptide that simultaneously activates the GLP-1, GIP and glucagon receptors. Developed by Eli Lilly; in phase-3 trials …
Sekretin
Human trialResearch other · 3055.5 g/mol
Secretin is a 27-amino-acid hormone that regulates pancreatic bicarbonate secretion. As ChiRhoStim it is FDA-approved as a diagnostic agent …
Selank
Human trialResearch other · 751.85 g/mol · t½ 0.3h
Synthetic heptapeptide derived from natural tuftsin. Approved as an anxiolytic (Selank) in Russia and some CIS states. Western phase-3 trial…
Semaglutid
Human RCTMetabolic · 4113.6 g/mol · t½ 165h
Long-acting GLP-1 receptor agonist. Approved as a medicinal product for type-2 diabetes (Ozempic, Rybelsus), chronic weight management (Wego…
Semax
Human trialResearch other · 813.92 g/mol · t½ 0.3h
Synthetic heptapeptide derived from the N-terminal fragment of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH 4-10). Approved in Russia for ischaemic str…
Sermorelin
Human RCTGrowth · 3358 g/mol · t½ 0.2h
Synthetic analogue of the first 29 amino acids of human GHRH. Stimulates pulsatile growth-hormone secretion from the pituitary. Formerly FDA…
Setmelanotide
Human RCTMetabolic · 1117.32 g/mol · t½ 11h
Setmelanotide (brand name Imcivree) is a synthetic cyclic octapeptide and an agonist at the melanocortin-4 receptor (MC4R). It was developed…
Sincalide
Human trialResearch other · 1143.29 g/mol
Sincalide is the synthetic C-terminal octapeptide of the hormone cholecystokinin (CCK-8). As Kinevac it is FDA-approved to stimulate gallbla…
SNAP-8
Human trialCosmetic · 1075.16 g/mol
Synthetic octapeptide marketed as a topical anti-wrinkle ingredient (Centerchem/Lipotec). Structurally related to Argireline (Acetyl Hexapep…
Survodutide
Human RCTMetabolic · 4727 g/mol · t½ 168h
Synthetic peptide that simultaneously activates the GLP-1 and glucagon receptors. Developed by Boehringer Ingelheim and Zealand Pharma; in p…
TB-500
Animal modelHealing · 888 g/mol
Synthetic fragment of the endogenous protein Thymosin Beta-4, specifically the actin-binding sequence. Preclinical models investigate effect…
Teduglutid
Human RCTResearch other · 3752.13 g/mol
Teduglutide is a DPP-4-resistant analog of GLP-2 (glucagon-like peptide-2). It promotes growth and function of the intestinal mucosa and is …
Teriparatid
Human RCTResearch other · 4117.8 g/mol · t½ 1h
Teriparatide is the recombinant N-terminal fragment 1-34 of human parathyroid hormone (PTH). It is regulatory-approved and studied in the sc…
Terlipressin
Human RCTResearch other · 1227.37 g/mol
Terlipressin is a 12-amino-acid vasopressin analog and prodrug of lysine-vasopressin. As a V1 receptor agonist it is vasoconstrictive and is…
Tesamorelin
Human RCTGrowth · 5135.83 g/mol · t½ 0.4h
Stabilised GHRH analog (growth-hormone-releasing hormone). FDA-approved in 2010 as Egrifta for reduction of abdominal lipohypertrophy in HIV…
Thymalin
Human trialHealing · 1000 g/mol · t½ 0.5h
Complex of low-molecular polypeptides extracted from calf thymus. Approved in Russia since the 1970s as an immunomodulator. The exact compos…
Thymosin Alpha-1
Human RCTHealing · 3108.32 g/mol · t½ 2h
Synthetic 28-amino-acid peptide identical to a naturally occurring thymus peptide. Approved as Zadaxin in more than 30 countries (not US/EU)…
Thymosin Beta-4
Human trialHealing · 4921 g/mol
Thymosin Beta-4 (Tβ4) is an endogenous 43-amino-acid peptide regarded as the principal intracellular actin-sequestering factor, involved in …
Tirzepatide
Human RCTMetabolic · 4813 g/mol · t½ 116h
Synthetic peptide that simultaneously activates the GLP-1 and GIP receptor (dual agonist). Approved in the US and EU for type 2 diabetes (Mo…
Triptorelin
Human RCTResearch other · 1311.45 g/mol · t½ 3h
Synthetic decapeptide GnRH agonist with increased affinity over native gonadotropin-releasing hormone. FDA- and EMA-approved since the 1980s…
Vasopressin
Human RCTResearch other · 1084.23 g/mol
Vasopressin (arginine vasopressin, antidiuretic hormone/ADH) is a cyclic nonapeptide hormone that regulates water balance and vascular tone.…
VK2735
Human RCTMetabolic
VK2735 is a dual GLP-1/GIP receptor agonist from Viking Therapeutics, in development in both subcutaneous and oral forms for obesity.…
Method
How we work
We aggregate data from PubMed, Europe PMC, PubChem and regulatory publications. Every summary is written in our own words, with our own synthesis — no copied text. Before each build, a compliance guard scans content against a list of forbidden phrases.
Full method →PubMed / Europe PMC
Study aggregation
PubChem / ChEMBL
Chemical identifiers
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Country-specific legal status
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