GLP-1 receptor
Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is a gut hormone (incretin); its receptor is an incretin receptor with G-protein-coupled signalling cascade. Activation glucose-dependently stimulates insulin secretion, inhibits glucagon, delays gastric emptying and modulates central satiety signalling. Pharmacological target of multiple approved obesity and diabetes therapies.
Peptides on this topic
16 peptiden met onderzoek naar dit onderwerpAmycretin is a unimolecular GLP-1 and amylin receptor agonist from Novo Nordisk — in development both as a once-weekly subcutaneous and a once-daily oral form for obesity and type 2 diabetes.
- Humane RCTIn a randomised phase-1b/2a study, subcutaneous amycretin produced a marked, dose-dependent weight loss with no apparent plateau through week 36.
CagriSema is a fixed-dose combination of the amylin analogue cagrilintide and the GLP-1 agonist semaglutide (Novo Nordisk), in late-stage development for obesity and type 2 diabetes.
- Humane studieCombines the amylin and GLP-1 axes in a single weekly product.
GLP-1 receptor agonist designed as a fusion protein of two modified GLP-1(7-37) sequences covalently linked to a human IgG4-Fc fragment. FDA-approved 2014 (Trulicity) for type 2 diabetes; EMA approval 2014.
- Humane RCTHbA1c reduction versus placebo, sitagliptin, exenatide and insulin glargine documented in the AWARD trial series
Ecnoglutide (XW003) is a long-acting, cAMP-signalling-biased GLP-1 analogue from Sciwind Biosciences. Derived from GLP-1(7-37) with an alanine-to-valine substitution at position 8, it activates the GLP-1 receptor selectively via the cAMP pathway over β-arrestin recruitment. Investigated for weight management and in type 2 diabetes.
- Humane RCTStatistically significant HbA1c reduction versus placebo in adults with type 2 diabetes over 20 weeks observed in a phase-2 trial
Efinopegdutide (MK-6024, formerly JNJ-64565111 / HM12525A) is a once-weekly dual agonist at the GLP-1 and glucagon receptors, developed by Hanmi and Merck. It has been studied for obesity and notably for metabolic liver disease (MASH/NAFLD); a phase-2 trial showed greater liver-fat reduction than semaglutide. Investigational, not approved.
- Humane RCTGreater relative reduction in liver fat content than semaglutide reported in a 24-week phase-2a trial
Synthetic version of exendin-4, originally isolated from the saliva of the Gila monster (Heloderma suspectum). First GLP-1 receptor agonist, FDA-approved 2005 as Byetta. Weekly depot form Bydureon approved 2012.
- Humane RCTHbA1c reduction versus placebo in type 2 diabetes over 30 weeks documented in the AMIGO trials
GLP-1 receptor agonist with a half-life of about 13 hours. The first daily (not weekly) modern GLP-1 RA — approved as Victoza for type 2 diabetes (2010) and Saxenda for obesity (2014).
- Humane RCTReduction in cardiovascular events (MACE) in type-2-diabetes patients at high CV risk over 3.8 years
Synthetic exendin-4 analog with a C-terminal lysine extension. Prandial GLP-1 RA focused on postprandial glucose. FDA-approved 2016 as Adlyxin; EMA-approved 2013 as Lyxumia. Sanofi discontinued US distribution in 2023.
- Humane RCTReduction of postprandial glucose stronger than with weekly GLP-1 RAs documented across several GetGoal trials
- Humane RCTWeight loss as a secondary endpoint reported in the GetGoal trials — smaller than with weekly GLP-1 RAs
Maridebart cafraglutide (MariTide, Amgen) is a bispecific molecule: a GLP-1 receptor agonist combined with a GIP receptor antagonist, designed for monthly dosing; in phase 3 for obesity.
- Humane RCTIn the phase-2 study, participants without diabetes achieved a mean weight loss of up to about 20% at 52 weeks — with no apparent plateau.
Synthetic oxyntomodulin analogue that simultaneously activates the GLP-1 and glucagon receptors (dual agonist). Developed by Innovent Biologics and Eli Lilly. In China the NMPA approved mazdutide on 27 June 2025 for chronic weight management; a further filing for type 2 diabetes is under review in China. Outside China the substance remains in clinical development.
- Humane RCTClinically relevant weight reduction in adults with overweight or obesity over 48 weeks documented in a phase-3 trial
Pemvidutide is a 29-amino-acid GLP-1/glucagon dual receptor agonist (Altimmune) under investigation for obesity and the fatty-liver disease MASH.
- Humane studieIn a placebo-controlled 12-week study (MASLD), liver fat content fell by up to 68.5%; 55.6% of those treated reached liver-fat normalisation.
Synthetic triagonist peptide that simultaneously activates the GLP-1, GIP and glucagon receptors. Developed by Eli Lilly; in phase-3 trials for obesity (TRIUMPH programme) and type 2 diabetes. No marketing approval yet.
- Humane RCTWeight reduction over 48 weeks observed in the phase-2 obesity trial — at the highest dose greater than documented for other incretin-based therapies
Long-acting GLP-1 receptor agonist. Approved as a medicinal product for type-2 diabetes (Ozempic, Rybelsus), chronic weight management (Wegovy) and cardiovascular risk in obesity. One of the best-studied substances on this platform — many large human RCTs.
- Humane RCTReduction of HbA1c in type-2 diabetes
Synthetic peptide that simultaneously activates the GLP-1 and glucagon receptors. Developed by Boehringer Ingelheim and Zealand Pharma; in phase-3 trials for obesity (SYNCHRONIZE) and MASH. No marketing approval yet.
- Humane RCTWeight reduction over 46 weeks documented in a phase-2 obesity trial
Synthetic peptide that simultaneously activates the GLP-1 and GIP receptor (dual agonist). Approved in the US and EU for type 2 diabetes (Mounjaro) and obesity (Zepbound).
- Humane RCTReduction in HbA1c versus placebo and versus semaglutide observed in randomised trials
VK2735 is a dual GLP-1/GIP receptor agonist from Viking Therapeutics, in development in both subcutaneous and oral forms for obesity.
- Humane RCTIn the phase-2 VENTURE study (subcutaneous, 13 weeks), VK2735 reached a mean weight loss of up to 14.7% with no apparent plateau.