Family
Onderzoek (overig)
Other research peptides without a clear family assignment.
Substances studied in the literature without falling into one of the common application families. Often early-phase, heterogeneous data.
This overview is editorial. It describes the evidence base, not a usage recommendation.
Members
43 entries in this familyAbaloparatid
Humane RCT4 studies · 4 observations
Abaloparatide is a synthetic analogue of the first 34 amino acids of parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP). Like parathyroid hormone and teriparatide it b…
Afamelanotide
Humane RCT4 studies · 4 observations
Afamelanotide is a synthetic analogue of α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone. It differs from native α-MSH by two substitutions — norleucine at position 4 and D-ph…
Bremelanotide
Humane RCT5 studies · 3 observations
Bremelanotide is a cyclic peptide that binds non-selectively to melanocortin receptors (MC1R through MC5R) — with highest affinity at MC4R in the central nervou…
Buserelin
Humane RCT0 studies · 2 observations
Buserelin is a potent GnRH agonist: after an initial stimulatory surge ('flare'), continuous receptor occupancy causes downregulation and thereby suppression of…
Calcitonin (Lachs)
Humane RCT4 studies · 4 observations
Salmon calcitonin binds the calcitonin receptor, which is particularly densely expressed on bone-resorbing osteoclasts. The literature describes that receptor a…
Carbetocin
Humane RCT1 studies · 2 observations
Carbetocin is an oxytocin receptor agonist with prolonged duration. It triggers a sustained contraction of the uterus after birth, preventing atonic hemorrhage …
Cerebrolysin
Humane RCT4 studies · 4 observations
Cerebrolysin is a mixture of low-molecular-weight peptides (predominantly below 10 kDa) and free amino acids obtained by enzymatic cleavage of lipid-free porcin…
Cetrorelix
Humane RCT0 studies · 2 observations
Cetrorelix competitively and immediately blocks the pituitary GnRH receptor, rapidly suppressing LH and FSH release — without the initial hormone surge ('flare'…
Degarelix
Humane RCT4 studies · 4 observations
Degarelix is a competitive GnRH receptor antagonist. It binds reversibly and immediately to the pituitary GnRH receptors and blocks their activation. This rapid…
Desmopressin
Humane RCT4 studies · 4 observations
Desmopressin is a structurally modified analogue of the nine-residue peptide hormone vasopressin. Deamination at the N-terminus (1-deamino) and replacement of L…
DSIP
Humane studie4 studies · 3 observations
DSIP was described in 1977 by the Schoenenberger-Monnier group in Basel as a blood-borne substance reported to induce EEG changes similar to delta sleep in anim…
Elamipretide
Humane RCT4 studies · 4 observations
Elamipretide is a cell-permeable tetrapeptide with alternating aromatic and basic residues that selectively concentrates on cardiolipin — a phospholipid found a…
Enfuvirtid
Humane RCT1 studies · 2 observations
Enfuvirtide binds the first heptad-repeat region (HR1) of the gp41 subunit of the HIV envelope protein. This prevents the conformational change required for fus…
Epitalon
Humane studie4 studies · 4 observations
Postulated mechanisms include modulation of gene expression in pinealocytes, telomerase activation (observed in cell culture studies) and influence on melatonin…
FOXO4-DRI
Diermodel3 studies · 3 observations
FOXO4-DRI is the D-retro-inverso variant of a peptide fragment of the FOXO4 transcription factor. In senescent cells, FOXO4 is bound to p53, which suppresses p5…
Ganirelix
Humane RCT1 studies · 2 observations
Ganirelix competitively and reversibly binds the pituitary GnRH receptor, rapidly suppressing LH (and, less so, FSH) release — without the initial hormone 'flar…
Glepaglutide
Humane RCT1 studies · 2 observations
As a GLP-2 receptor agonist, glepaglutide has a trophic effect on the intestinal mucosa, enlarging the absorptive surface and thereby improving intestinal uptak…
Gonadorelin
Humane studie4 studies · 4 observations
Gonadorelin acts as an agonist at the GnRH receptor on the gonadotroph cells of the pituitary and triggers release of the gonadotropins luteinizing hormone (LH)…
Goserelin
Humane RCT4 studies · 3 observations
As a GnRH agonist, goserelin binds to the GnRH receptors of the pituitary gland. Initial stimulation transiently raises luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-st…
Histrelin
Humane RCT0 studies · 2 observations
Continuous GnRH-agonist stimulation downregulates and desensitises the pituitary GnRH receptors — after the initial rise, LH, FSH and the sex hormones fall pers…
Humanin
Humane studie4 studies · 4 observations
Humanin arises from a short open reading frame within the 16S rRNA region of the mitochondrial genome (MT-RNR2) — it is therefore not encoded by nuclear DNA. Me…
Icatibant
Humane RCT1 studies · 1 observations
Icatibant competitively blocks the bradykinin B2 receptor. Because bradykinin mediates the vascular permeability, swelling and pain typical of hereditary angioe…
Kisspeptin-10
Humane RCT4 studies · 4 observations
Kisspeptin-10 comprises the ten C-terminal amino acids sufficient for binding to the KISS1R receptor (also GPR54). KISS1R is a G-protein-coupled receptor expres…
Lanreotid
Humane RCT1 studies · 2 observations
Lanreotide activates somatostatin receptors (chiefly SSTR2, additionally SSTR5), thereby suppressing the release of growth hormone, IGF-1 and various gastrointe…
Leuprorelin
Humane RCT4 studies · 4 observations
Leuprorelin is a GnRH-receptor agonist. After binding to pituitary GnRH receptors, it first causes a transient surge in luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-st…
Linaclotid
Humane RCT0 studies · 2 observations
Linaclotide activates the guanylate cyclase-C receptor on the luminal surface of the intestinal epithelium. This raises cyclic GMP (cGMP), increases secretion o…
LL-37
Humane studie4 studies · 4 observations
LL-37 is a cationic, amphipathic helical peptide and the only member of the cathelicidin family in humans. It is generated by proteolytic cleavage from the C-te…
Melanotan II
Humane studie9 studies · 4 observations
Melanotan II binds non-selectively to all five melanocortin-receptor subtypes (MC1R-MC5R). Via MC1R in melanocytes, eumelanin synthesis is stimulated (pigmentin…
MOTS-c
Humane studie4 studies · 4 observations
MOTS-c arises from a short open reading frame located in the 12S rRNA region of the mitochondrial genome — unlike most peptides it is therefore not encoded by n…
Nafarelin
Humane RCT0 studies · 2 observations
Nafarelin is a potent GnRH agonist: after an initial stimulation ('flare'), continuous receptor occupancy leads to downregulation and thereby suppression of LH,…
Octreotide
Humane RCT5 studies · 3 observations
Octreotide is a cyclic octapeptide that selectively binds somatostatin-receptor subtypes SSTR2 and SSTR5. Via G-protein-coupled signalling, adenylyl cyclase is …
Oxytocin
Humane RCT4 studies · 3 observations
Oxytocin is synthesised in the hypothalamus and released via the posterior pituitary. Peripherally it binds the oxytocin receptor, a G-protein-coupled receptor,…
Pasireotid
Humane RCT1 studies · 2 observations
Pasireotide binds more broadly than older somatostatin analogs (SSTR1/2/3/5) with particularly high affinity for SSTR5. This suppresses, among others, ACTH rele…
Plecanatid
Humane RCT0 studies · 2 observations
Plecanatide is structurally analogous to the body's own uroguanylin and, like it, activates the GC-C receptor at the gut surface, raising cGMP and fluid secreti…
Sekretin
Humane studie0 studies · 2 observations
Secretin binds the Gs-coupled secretin receptor (SCTR) on pancreatic duct cells, opens CFTR chloride channels and triggers secretion of bicarbonate-rich pancrea…
Selank
Humane studie4 studies · 3 observations
Selank is a glyproline-tuftsin analog. Proposed mechanisms include modulation of the GABAergic system, effects on serotonin bioavailability, and influence on en…
Semax
Humane studie4 studies · 3 observations
Semax is a tetracosactide fragment analog without hormonal activity at MC2R. Proposed mechanisms include elevation of BDNF and NGF in hippocampus and striatum (…
Sincalide
Humane studie0 studies · 1 observations
Sincalide activates CCK receptors, triggering gallbladder contraction and pancreatic enzyme secretion. This effect is used diagnostically to measure the gallbla…
Teduglutid
Humane RCT2 studies · 2 observations
Teduglutide activates the GLP-2 receptor, promoting growth and regeneration of small-intestinal villi, increasing nutrient and fluid absorption and thereby redu…
Teriparatid
Humane RCT4 studies · 3 observations
Teriparatide corresponds to the biologically active first 34 amino acids of human parathyroid hormone and binds the PTH-1 receptor on bone and kidney cells. The…
Terlipressin
Humane RCT1 studies · 2 observations
Terlipressin is slowly converted in the body to lysine-vasopressin by cleavage of the three N-terminal glycyl residues (reservoir effect) and activates V1 recep…
Triptorelin
Humane RCT4 studies · 3 observations
Triptorelin binds with high affinity to the GnRH receptor in the pituitary. After initial stimulation of LH and FSH secretion (flare phase, about 1-2 weeks), re…
Vasopressin
Humane RCT0 studies · 2 observations
Vasopressin binds V1 receptors (vasoconstriction, raising vascular resistance) and V2 receptors (renal water reabsorption via aquaporin channels). This raises b…